A 1200 Calorie diabetic diet Plan is central to many dieters trying to lose weight. Simple, this is the amount of calories many women (and some. Design: Multicenter, randomized, double- blind, controlled trial of different durations of zidovudine prophylaxis. Setting: 2. 7 hospitals in Thailand. Participants: 1,4. HIV- infected pregnant women in PHPT- 1. Intervention: Zidovudine prophylaxis initiation at 2. Outcome measures: Haemoglobin level, leucocytes, total lymphocyte counts, and absolute neutrophil counts were measured at 2. Melancholyaeon July 18, 2013 The Obesity Algorithm is intended to be a . It is intended to be an educational tool used to. The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Type 2 diabetes results from the interaction between a genetic predisposition and behavioral and. Gestational diabetes is a form of type 2 diabetes, usually temporary, that first appears during pregnancy. It usually develops during the third. The evolution of haematologicalparameters was estimated between 2. For each parameter, linear mixed models were adjusted on baseline sociodemographic variables, HIV clinical stage, CD4 count, and viral load. Results: Between 2. However, between 3. At delivery, the differences were not statistically significant, except for mean haemoglobin level, which remained slightly lower in the long zidovudine treatment group (difference: 0. Zidovudine had no negative impact on the absolute lymphocyte counts. Conclusion: Zidovudine initiated at 2. This result provides. Effects of Activity- Based Personalized Nutrition Education on Dietary Behaviors and Blood. Parameters in Middle- Aged and Older Type 2 Diabetes Korean Outpatients. Pub. Med Central. This study aimed to compare the effects of activity- based personalized nutrition education (APNE) with a general instruction for diabetes (control, CTRL) in middle- aged and older Korean outpatients with type 2 diabetes. After an initial screening, 7. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.APNE (n = 3. 7) or CTRL (n = 3. APNE considered each patient. After 3 months, dietary behavior, food intake, and anthropometric and blood measurement results were evaluated. Fasting blood glucose, 2- hour postprandial blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels decreased in the APNE group (n = 3. CTRL group (n = 2. In the APNE group, the meal intervals and number of days of consuming high- fat food were decreased, while the number of days following a meal plan and balanced diet that entailed consuming fruits, vegetables, and healthy food was increased. A lower consumption of carbohydrates, saccharides, grains, and tuber crops and a higher protein, pulses, and fat- derived calorie intake compared with the initial values were observed in the APNE group. In contrast, only the number of days following the meal plan and balanced diet was increased in the CRTL group, without significantly changing the individual macronutrient- derived calorie intake. The APNE approach appeared to effectively educate outpatients with type 2 diabetes about changing their dietary behavior and food intake and improving the clinical parameters related to diabetic conditions. PMID: 2. 78. 12. 51. The Effects of an Olive Fruit Polyphenol- Enriched Yogurt on Body Composition, Blood Redox Status, Physiological and Metabolic Parameters and Yogurt Microflora. Pub. Med. Georgakouli, Kalliopi; Mpesios, Anastasios; Kouretas, Demetrios; Petrotos, Konstantinos; Mitsagga, Chrysanthi; Giavasis, Ioannis; Jamurtas, Athanasios Z2. In the present study we investigated the effects of an olive polyphenol- enriched yogurt on yogurt microflora, as well as hematological, physiological and metabolic parameters, blood redox status and body composition. In a randomized double- blind, crossover design, 1. EC) or 4. 00 g of plain yogurt (control condition- CC) every day for two weeks. Physiological measurements and blood collection were performed before and after two weeks of each condition. The results showed that body weight, body mass index, hip circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p < 0. A tendency towards significance for decreased levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p = 0. The population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and production of lactate in yogurt were significantly enhanced after addition of olive polyphenols, contrary to the population of yeasts and molds. The results indicate that consumption of the polyphenol- enriched yogurt may help individuals with non- declared pathology reduce body weight, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol levels and lipid peroxidation, and promote growth of beneficial LAB. PMID: 2. 72. 71. 66. The Effects of an Olive Fruit Polyphenol- Enriched Yogurt on Body Composition, Blood Redox Status, Physiological and Metabolic Parameters and Yogurt Microflora. Pub. Med Central. Georgakouli, Kalliopi; Mpesios, Anastasios; Kouretas, Demetrios; Petrotos, Konstantinos; Mitsagga, Chrysanthi; Giavasis, Ioannis; Jamurtas, Athanasios Z. In the present study we investigated the effects of an olive polyphenol- enriched yogurt on yogurt microflora, as well as hematological, physiological and metabolic parameters, blood redox status and body composition. In a randomized double- blind, crossover design, 1. Physiological measurements and blood collection were performed before and after two weeks of each condition. The results showed that body weight, body mass index, hip circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p < 0. A tendency towards significance for decreased levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p = 0. The population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and production of lactate in yogurt were significantly enhanced after addition of olive polyphenols, contrary to the population of yeasts and molds. The results indicate that consumption of the polyphenol- enriched yogurt may help individuals with non- declared pathology reduce body weight, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol levels and lipid peroxidation, and promote growth of beneficial LAB. PMID: 2. 72. 71. 66. The Effects of an Olive Fruit Polyphenol- Enriched Yogurt on Body Composition, Blood Redox Status, Physiological and Metabolic Parameters and Yogurt Microflora. Pub. Med. Georgakouli, Kalliopi; Mpesios, Anastasios; Kouretas, Demetrios; Petrotos, Konstantinos; Mitsagga, Chrysanthi; Giavasis, Ioannis; Jamurtas, Athanasios Z2. In the present study we investigated the effects of an olive polyphenol- enriched yogurt on yogurt microflora, as well as hematological, physiological and metabolic parameters, blood redox status and body composition. In a randomized double- blind, crossover design, 1. EC) or 4. 00 g of plain yogurt (control condition- CC) every day for two weeks. Physiological measurements and blood collection were performed before and after two weeks of each condition. The results showed that body weight, body mass index, hip circumference and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p < 0. A tendency towards significance for decreased levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p = 0. The population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and production of lactate in yogurt were significantly enhanced after addition of olive polyphenols, contrary to the population of yeasts and molds. The results indicate that consumption of the polyphenol- enriched yogurt may help individuals with non- declared pathology reduce body weight, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol levels and lipid peroxidation, and promote growth of beneficial LAB. Growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings fed graded levels of dietary fumonisin B1. Pub. Med. Gbore, Francis A; Adewole, Adeyemo M; Oginni, Olatunde; Oguntolu, Mercy F; Bada, Ayodeji M; Akele, Olatunbosun. Fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus were used to evaluate the effect of dietary fumonisin B1 (FB1), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, on growth, haematological and serum biochemical parameters. The fingerlings were sorted, weighed and randomly stocked in 1. Fusarium- cultured maize grains containing FB1 were used to formulate three diets containing approximately 5. These three diets, plus diet 1, which contained non- Fusarium cultured maize grains that served as the control, were used in a 6- week feeding trial. The final weight gains by the fingerlings were significantly (P. These may have a significant impact on physiological activities and may be vital in immunosuppression in the fingerlings with a strong negative impact on subsequent performance of the fish. The effect of Prosopis farcta beans extract on blood biochemical parameters in streptozotocin- induced diabetic male rats. Pub. Med Central. Dashtban, Mohsen; Sarir, Hadi; Omidi, Arash. Background: The use of herbals in the treatment of diabetes mellitus is a well- established practice in traditional medicine. The medicinal plant Prosopis farcta has some antioxidant activity, which may be useful in diabetic patients. Since, there is no report on the antidiabetic effect of the P. Materials and Methods: Hyperglycemia was induced in male albino Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (5. Three days after induction of diabetes, rats were received an extract of PFE orally for 1. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture to determine liver enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT), cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), high and low density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL). Results: The administration of PFE (5. STZ- induced diabetic rats significantly reduced the blood glucose levels when compared with the STZ- control group (2. PFE in diabetic groups had no significant effect on the levels of cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL, AST, and ALT compare to the STZ- control group. PMID: 2. 75. 12. 68. The fatty acid profiles in a drop of blood from a fingertip correlate with physiological, dietary and lifestyle parameters in volunteers. Pub. Med. Marangoni, F; Colombo, C; Martiello, A; Negri, E; Galli, C2. Limited data are available on the fatty acid (FA) composition of circulating lipids and the associations with diet, physiological and pathological conditions, due to the complexity and costs of the analytical process. The aim of our study was to evaluate the FA composition in 1. FA, using an innovative analytical approach for the collection and processing of blood samples. Ten subjects were also supplemented with n- 3 polyunsaturated FA as smoked salmon or capsules for 3 weeks. The resulting blood FA composition was affected by gender, pregnancy, diet and smoking. Gestational Diabetes: Detection, Management and Implications. CLINICAL. DIABETESVOL. January - February 1. These pages are best viewed with Netscape version 3. Internet Explorer version 3. When viewed with other browsers, some characters. Darcy Barry Carr, MD, and. Steven Gabbe, MDIn Brief. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common medical complication of. GDM occurs in women who have insulin resistance and a relative impairment of. These women have a significant risk of developing diabetes later in. Identifying this group of women is important in not only preventing perinatal. Gestational. diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or. The definition applies regardless of whether treatment. It does not exclude the. GDM is the most common medical complication and metabolic disorder of pregnancy. Table 1 describes the prevalence of GDM reported by. Diagnosing and treating pregnancies complicated by GDM is important for preventing. Identifying women with GDM who have an increased risk for type. Pathophysiology. The metabolic changes of normal pregnancy are essential to provide adequate nutrients to. Early in pregnancy, maternal estrogen and progesterone increase and. The timing of these hormonal events is important in regard to scheduling. GDM. The mechanism of insulin resistance is likely a postreceptor defect, since normal. The. pancreas releases 1. Patients with normal pancreatic function are. Patients with borderline pancreatic function have difficulty. GDM. results when there is delayed or insufficient insulin secretion in the presence of. Maternal Morbidity. Maternal morbidity due to GDM may be immediate or long- term. Many studies have documented. GDM. 5,1. 8,1. 9 The Toronto Tri- Hospital Gestational Diabetes. Project, a prospective cohort study evaluating maternal and fetal outcomes with increasing. Women with GDM also have a significant risk of developing diabetes later in life. Meyers- Seifer and associates evaluated. LDL) cholesterol levels, and systolic blood pressure in. GDM patients. 2. 6 These data suggest that women with prior GDM have. Table 1. Prevalence of GDMAuthor Location. Prevalence (%)Abell, Beischer. Australia. 0. 7. O’Sullivan. Boston. 2. 5. Magee. Seattle. 3. 2–5. 0. Dooley. 6Chicago. Sacks. 7Los Angeles. Berkowitz. 8Manhattan. Murphy. 9Alaska. 5. Nahum. 10. Los Angeles. Mestman. 11. Los Angeles. Benjamin. 12. Zuni, New Mexico 1. Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality. Infants of mothers with GDM (IGDM) are not at increased risk for congenital anomalies. However, IGDM do have an increased. O’Sullivan observed a fourfold increase in perinatal mortality rates in. GDM. 2. 7 Several other studies have. GDM. 3,2. 8 Today, in. GDM. 2. IGDM have an increased risk of macrosomia, defined as fetal weight > 9. Macrosomia complicates ~2. GDM. pregnancies. Maternal hyperglycemia leads to fetal hyperglycemia and fetal. Growth occurs preferentially. This growth pattern of increased adiposity and organomegaly leads to a disproportionate. Consequently. shoulder dystocia is increased two- to sixfold. The risk of shoulder dystocia. IGDM with fetal weight > 4,0. Brachial plexus injury is one of the most serious complications associated with. The incidence increases with fetal weight and occurs in 3–5% of. Most brachial plexus injuries (8. Between 0. 2% and 2% will continue to. Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common, transient complication in IGDM. It occurs in 5. 0% of. GDM. 1. 4. The neonate experiences a drop in blood glucose levels at delivery when the cord is. Control of maternal diabetes during the latter half of pregnancy and during. The frequency of. In addition to the immediate morbidity associated with delivery and the neonatal. Freinkel postulated that . The Diabetogenic Potency of. Hormones in Pregnancy. Hormone Peak elevation (weeks)Diabetogenic potency. Prolactin. Estradiolh. CSCortisol. Progesterone. Weak Very weak. Moderate. Very strong. Strong Adapted from Jovanovic- Peterson L, Peterson C: Review of gestational. Diabetes. Metab Rev 1. Silverman studied the children of women with both pregestational. GDM and found IGT in adolescent children was 1. The incidence of IGT in the children was the same for. Silverman and associates also documented that by 8 years. Plagemann and associates confirmed that children of mothers with pregestational and GDM. Pettitt and associates studied the children. Pima Indians from 5 to 1. They noted that the prevalence of. Intrauterine metabolic experiences may also influence the neurodevelopmental course of. Rizzo and associates studied pregestational and gestational. Clearly, the detection and appropriate treatment of GDM provides the opportunity to. Table 3. Diagnostic Criteria for GDM Using the 1. OGTTO’Sullivan. 21*NDDG4. Carpenter and Coustan. Fasting. 1- hour. The diagnosis requires any two values to meet or exceed those listed. Venous whole blood, Somogyi- Nelson analysis.** Plasma, glucose oxidase. The NDDG criteria are recommended for the diagnosis of GDM by ACOG and the. Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diagnosis. In the past, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommended. GDM screening be based on risk factor identification. Others have argued that this is. GDM have no identifiable risk factors. The latest ACOG Technical Bulletin on Diabetes and Pregnancy suggests that selective. GDM is appropriate in some low- risk clinical settings, such as teen clinics. This cut- off value will increase the. OGTT to 2. 5% and, consequently, will increase the. GDM. 4. 0 Screening after an overnight fast may. Patients with high- risk factors, such as a history of a prior macrosomic fetus, chronic. Repeat testing can be done later in. In one study, GDM detection increased by ~5. OGTT). 4. 3Assessing blood glucose is also recommended whenever a patient presents with 3+ to 4+. Glycosylated hemoglobin and fructosamine levels. GDM. 2. A 3- hour OGTT does not need to be conducted in patients with a 1- hour, 5. Performing a 1. 00- g OGTT when the 1- hour 5. In these cases, the diagnosis of GDM. The 3- hour OGTT should be started in the morning after an overnight fast for at least 8. Venous plasma glucose is measured at fasting and at. Subjects should remain seated and should not. ACOG and the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus recommend that two or more of the National Diabetes. Data Group (NDDG) values be met or exceeded to make the diagnosis of GDM (Table 3). The diagnostic criteria for GDM are controversial since the currently recommended. The initial diagnostic criteria for GDM proposed by. O’Sullivan and Mahan were derived from the results of a 3- hour, 1. OGTT performed. on venous whole blood by the Somogyi- Nelson (S- N) technique. GDM was. diagnosed if two or more blood glucose values were > 2 standard deviations above. The diagnostic criteria were chosen by the ability of these results to predict. The NDDG revised the criteria in 1. In 1. 98. 2, Carpenter and Coustan. Sacks and associates conducted simultaneous. S- N and glucose oxidase techniques and discovered that the NDDG. Carpenter and Coustan conversions were always within the 9. Many investigators stress the importance of establishing new criteria that are specific. Several studies have evaluated the. The Toronto Tri- Hospital. Gestational Diabetes Project demonstrated a clear, graded relationship between values on. OGTT and a variety of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. They found an. increase in cesarean delivery, macrosomia, preeclampsia, phototherapy, and maternal and. Tallarigo and associates and Weiner found that the. Several investigators have found an increased rate of macrosomia is related to a postive. OGTT. 4. 3,4. 9,5. Even one abnormal GTT. Magee and associates compared subjects diagnosed with GDM by the modified Carpenter and. Coustan criteria to those diagnosed by the NDDG criteria. Using the modified. GDM. The GDM subjects diagnosed by the modified. NDDG- diagnosed group. Further. studies are needed to confirm this continuous relationship between glucose intolerance and. Management. Dietary therapy is the foundation for the treatment of GDM. The ADA has recommended. New ADA recommendations specify a protein level of. Jovanovic- Peterson and associates found that the former dietary recommendations lead to. They suggested a diet with less caloric intake calculated. The carbohydrate composition. Occasionally. the carbohydrate composition was decreased to 3. Caloric restriction has been studied in obese women with GDM. Restricting caloric. Therefore, this strategy is not recommended because of potential. Moderate (3. 3%) caloric. Gunderson recently reviewed intensive nutritional therapy, emphasizing a limit on total. Further research evaluating the treatment of GDM with different dietary compositions is. Glucose monitoring should be performed at least weekly with a fasting glucose and. However, several studies suggest that more. Initial Insulin Dosing With Three Injections. Type. A. MP. M. NPHRegular. Totals. 4/9 of total insulin. Total daily insulin is calculated by 0. U/kg, 0. 8 U/kg, 0. U/kg, and 1. 0. U/kg for 6–1. Adapted from Jovanovic- Peterson L, Peterson C: Review of gestational. Diabetes. Metab Rev 1. Langer and associates performed a prospective trial comparing a group. This study suggests that the conventional method. The ACOG criteria for initiating insulin therapy include a fasting plasma glucose level. It is important to recognize the data suggesting that insulin therapy may achieve lower. However, prophylactic insulin treatment in patients whose fasting and postprandial values. Hospitalization is occasionally necessary to establish optimal control. Total insulin. doses can be calculated and given with split dosing by three injections (Table 4). If. insulin is required, the target plasma glucose levels are fasting glucose value 6. This pattern of action is similar to healthy pancreatic insulin release. Lispro is considered a pregnancy category B drug.
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